Towards an electric scooter level of service: A review and framework

• A systematic overview of e-scooter literature at micro level. We identify knowledge gaps to develop an level service. Results suggest considering as a distinct transport mode. More research is needed tactical and operational levels LOS. Although electric scooters (e-scooters) are gaining ground rapidly, on analysing their users' experience lags far behind practice. Level Service (LOS) promising approach bridge the gap between practice via quantifying riders' experience. reviewed state-of-the-art e-scooters concerning proposed preliminary framework for developing LOS (SLOS). The findings lack studies evaluate SLOS, rarely considered in estimation other modes. Considering impact both modal substitute supplement calls unique SLOS indices each scenario reflect user's realistically. Future should analyse interaction with road users, particularly pedestrians. This study highlights importance treating mode contributes matching policy integrate into planning.